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Article History

Received: 8 December 2024

Accepted: 8 April 2025

First Online: 9 September 2025

Declarations

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: The germplasm used in the present study were procured from brinjal and tomato seeds from the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh. Lalteer, seed company, Bangladesh provided the seeds of cucumber cv. Kashinda. The seed samples are collected during exploration programmes duly permitted and approved by the university and samples are documented properly. Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University has been established by an act of legislature and is the custodian of crop biodiversity. As a student of the Plant Pathology Department, the first author is fully authorised to collect, conserve and characterise the local crop genetic resources for breeding improved varieties upon permission of the department authority. All the guidelines were followed as per the University research ethics for collection, characterisation and documentation of landraces or germplasm accessions. Besides experiments involving Meloidogyne incognita and the use of nematophagous fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum strain SAUPl 0013 were carried out with proper consent and adherence to biosafety protocols. No plants were harmed beyond the scope necessary for the experiment, and all procedures were designed to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem and promote safe agricultural practices. All participants in this study provided informed consent to participate voluntarily. They were informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any time. The study complies with ethical guidelines for research involving human participants.

: All authors confirm that consent to publish has been obtained from all relevant participants included in this study. Any identifiable data, images, or personal information have been used with explicit permission. The authors comply with the journal’s ethical guidelines regarding publication consent.

: The authors declare no competing interests.