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Authors
Etienne, Nzabirinda https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-1211
Joseph, Nkurunziza https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8685-9806
Martin, Mugenzi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8999-8854
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Article History
Received: 11 December 2024
Accepted: 30 April 2025
First Online: 25 August 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards set out in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Department of Economics, University of Rwanda.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
