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Authors
Ishikawa-Ishiwata, Yuki https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2089-6660
Estoque, Ronald C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9681-492X
Hutn, Aye Theingi
Tuan, Dinh Diep Anh
Le, Hai Anh Hoang
Le Nguyen, Khang
Nguyen, Hang Thi Thuy
Bui, Hoa Thi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (24K09177)
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Article History
Received: 4 February 2025
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 18 September 2025
Declarations
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: All respondents were informed about the purpose of the study, participation was voluntary, and verbal informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. To ensure privacy and confidentiality, all household and individual data were anonymized and securely stored. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this study according to the Japan Sociological Society, as it did not involve sensitive personal data or interventions affecting the well-being of participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
