Retraction Retraction dated 2026-02-03

Article History

Received: 17 June 2025

Accepted: 15 September 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Change Date: 3 February 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-026-00509-3

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and principles outlined by the University of Dodoma Committee. All participants voluntarily agreed to participate in the study through a verbal consent process. Prior to data collection, participants were clearly informed about the purpose of the study, the methods involved, and the potential implications of the research. Their rights to confidentiality, anonymity, and voluntary withdrawal at any stage were thoroughly explained and respected.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.