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Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations, as approved by the Ethiopian Forestry Development Annual Research Review Forum. The study protocol received formal approval from the Ethiopian Forestry Development Bahir Dar Center, specifically through its Natural Forest and Climate Change research division. Approval was granted solely for the purpose of reviewing and endorsing the survey instrument, in compliance with established household and vegetation survey guidelines. The evaluation was carried out by designated forestry research committees and relevant stakeholders. All ethical considerations were strictly observed throughout the data collection process.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants, including for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.