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Article History

Received: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: All human ethics including confidentiality and voluntarily participation were observed including self-declaration through filling consent form.

: Ethical clearance for the research was obtained from University of Dodoma (reference number MA.91/283/02/265) that is granted in accordance with the standards of Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH). Thus, clearance approval and consent to undertake the study were granted by the University of Dodoma’s Research and Publication Committee. The committee approved all research protocols, and the study was conducted in accordance with the University’s research and publication guidelines and regulations. Prior to the study, participants were asked to complete an informed consent form as self-declaration to participate in this study. They were assured that their information would remain private and confidential. Additionally, they were informed that participation was entirely voluntary, and they could choose to withdraw from the study at any point during the process.

: The authors declare no competing interests.