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Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

:

: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Open Paper Pal in order to improve the English readability of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.

: The experiments conducted in this study were performed in accordance with ethical standards of the University of Namibia, under ethical clearance reference number OGC0033. The experiments conducted in this study involving plant materials were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Namibia, as well as international guidelines and legislation. Adherence was done to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing, and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). We confirm that all experiments were conducted with due regard for minimizing harm and maximizing the ethical treatment of plant materials. The procurement, handling, and disposal of plant materials were carried out in accordance with the highest ethical standards.

: The authors declare that this is the original research study and that it has neither been submitted nor been concurrently submitted in any other journal for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.