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Authors
McCarthy, Chris
Chisambi, Cornelius
Banda, Lumbani Benedicto
Kachamba, Daud Jones
Zuza, Emmanuel Junior
Sternberg, Troy
Moyo, Leonard
Kumanga, Ndaona
Mtawale, William
Njombwa, Chunala
Nyoni, Yamikani
Lawrence, Luciano
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Article History
Received: 12 December 2024
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethics approval was not required for this study as it involved the collection and analysis of elephant dung samples from protected areas with permission from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife in Malawi, and did not involve any direct interaction with animals or human subjects.
: This manuscript includes images of individuals. Verbal consent for the publication of these images was obtained from the individuals depicted. No identifying details (such as names, dates of birth, identity numbers, or biometric characteristics) were disclosed in the manuscript apart from the images themselves, which are essential for scholarly purposes.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
