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Article History

Received: 12 July 2025

Accepted: 10 December 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The protocol was approved by Dr Girma Mengistu, Tilahun Geneti and Kifle Jogora in accordance with the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute guidelines and regulations. All farmers were asked for their informed permission before the research began. Throughout the research, participating farmers received respect and decency. This research was conducted based on farmers’ interest to form cluster to grow tef and their willingness to provide land for tef production and farmers willingness to share information related to yield obtained, income gained and production costs. We informed the farmers who took part in the study that the data collection from both the field and the farmers was just intended to indicate the study’s completion and to share experiences for further research.

: The authors declare that this is the original study and it is not submitted for publication in any other journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.