Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was formally waived by the Obafemi Awolowo University Research Ethics Committee, as the research involved minimal risk, did not include invasive procedures, and did not involve the collection of sensitive personal data. The study was conducted in accordance with established ethical principles, including respect for persons, beneficence, and voluntary participation. Before data collection, the study’s objectives, data collection procedures, the voluntary nature of participation, and measures to ensure confidentiality and anonymity were clearly explained to all participants. Verbal informed consent was obtained from each respondent due to literacy limitations and logistical constraints in rural settings. Participants were informed of their right to refuse participation or withdraw from the study at any time without any adverse consequences, and only individuals who provided explicit voluntary consent were included.

: This manuscript does not contain any person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.