Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 November 2025

Accepted: 16 January 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All experimental procedures involving sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), including field trials, foliar selenium application, irrigation treatments, and plant material collection, were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation governing plant research. The experiments were carried out at the Research and Production Station of the National Research Centre (NRC), Nubaria, Egypt, following the standard agronomic and environmental safety regulations approved by the NRC. No protected, endangered, or genetically modified plant species were used in this study, and all plant material was handled in compliance with Egyptian agricultural and biosafety regulations. All field experiments and plant material collection followed institutional, national, and international regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.