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Authors
Ouédraogo, Dominique https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-1534
Akounda, Badjibassa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7150-6226
Burger, Pamela A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6941-0257
Rosen, Benjamin D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9395-8346
Van Tassell, Curtis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8416-2087
Sölkner, Johann https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-5829
Soudré, Albert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3736-3695
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study did not involve experimental manipulation, invasive procedures, or treatments that could cause pain, distress, or harm to animals. Therefore, formal ethical approval was not required under national regulations. The study was based on on-farm observations, with animals kept in their natural environment and without any additional feeding or medication. All procedures were strictly observational, limited to non-invasive body measurements, and were carried out with full respect for animal comfort and welfare. Prior informed verbal consent was obtained from all participating farmers before any measurements were taken on their animals. This study was designed with consideration for the willingness of farmers to participate. Participants were fully informed about the purposes and the procedures of the study. They were provided with clear and comprehensive information regarding their involvement, the voluntary nature of their participation and the anonymity of the study. Prior to start of each interview, informed consent was obtained from every participant.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
