Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 September 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study did not require ethical approval according to the guidelines of the University of Hargeisa, as the research involved non-invasive surveys with adult participants. However, informed consent was obtained, and measures were taken to ensure participant anonymity and confidentiality. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Hargeisa. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the study. The authors declare that all ethical guidelines were followed in the conduct of this research. No conflict of interest or ethical concerns arose in the study. Non-invasive interviews with farmers, as well as ethical review and approval, were obtained. However, all participants gave their verbal informed consent after being fully informed of the study’s objectives, and their confidentiality and anonymity were rigorously protected.

: Participants consented to the publication of the study’s results in scholarly and scientific journals. To safeguard the participants’ identities, all data presented in this paper has been anonymized. Photographs, sensitive information, or personally identifiable information have not been revealed. Consent for publication was specifically acquired when participant quotes were used directly.

: The authors declare no competing interests.