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Authors
Ozaki, Ryosuke
Tsujimoto, Yasuhiro
Randriamanana, Tsinjo Rapatsalahy
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (JPMJSA1608)
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Article History
Received: 17 December 2025
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Declarations
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: The research protocol received ethical approval from the Comité Malagache d’Éthique pour les Sciences et les Techniques (CMEST) in Madagascar under reference number N°014/2020—AM/CMEST/P in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: During each survey round, enumerators explained the objectives and procedures of the survey and sought the respondents’ cooperation. Written informed consent was obtained and digitally recorded on survey tablets at each round.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
