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Article History

Received: 21 October 2025

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 26 May 2026

Declarations

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: This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any ethically sensitive material. Therefore, in accordance with institutional and national guidelines, ethical approval was not required. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional regulations and standards for agricultural research. All plant materials used in this study were collected and cultivated in accordance with Senegal’s national agricultural regulations. No endangered or protected species were used. The plant materials were obtained from accredited germplasm repositories, including the Institute of Rural Economy (IER, Mali), the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT, India), and the Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research (ISRA, Senegal). Their acquisition and use complied with institutional agreements and Material Transfer Agreements (MTA), in line with relevant national and international regulations governing plant genetic resources. No additional permits or licences were required for the use of cultivated plant materials. Not applicable.

: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript and consent to its publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors used DeepL write ( ) in order to improve the quality of English-language writing. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.