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Comparative study on the feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance of Kalahari Red goats fed with Tylosema esculentum (Burchell) A. Schreiber versus Medicago sativa L. as a protein supplement

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-026-00617-0

Published Online: 2026-06-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Hiangoro, Innocent

Kahumba, Absalom https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7060-3892
Shipandeni, Maria N. T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7984-5975
Mupangwa, Johnfisher https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-7935
Charamba, Vonai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2938-8438
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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 6 May 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Goats used in this study were obtained from Neudamm Farm, which is an Educational and Research Facility for the University of Namibia. This study was an undergraduate project for IH, under the supervision of AK, MNT and JM. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Namibia Research Ethics Committee (UREC) (Ethical clearance number: NEC0008). The animals were apparently healthy and maintained under standard husbandry conditions with appropriate access to feed, water, and shelter. Animals were monitored daily for illness or discomfort under the supervision of qualified veterinarians at the institution. The study adhered to the principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs), ensuring that the minimum number of animals necessary for valid results was used and that all procedures were refined to minimise suffering.

: The data in the manuscript have been agreed upon by all of us, and we have submitted our final manuscript to the Journal of Discover Agriculture.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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