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Authors
Athumani, Paulo Chiza
Mramba, Rosemary Peter
Ngumba, Julius Asheri
Ngongolo, Kelvin
Mmbaga, Naza Emanuel
Nchimbi, Hamisi Yunus
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UDOM Junior Academic Staff (No. MA.261/285/01/201.)
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Article History
Received: 12 January 2026
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 18 May 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the University of Dodoma Research and Publication Committee (Ref. No. MA.84/261/91/192). All research protocols were reviewed and approved by the Committee. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and in compliance with the research and publication guidelines and regulations of the University of Dodoma. All participants were provided with detailed information about the study objectives and procedures, and informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
