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Article History

Received: 6 February 2025

Accepted: 2 June 2025

First Online: 16 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The data used in this study originate from the European Social Survey Round 10 and are publicly available and anonymised. No ethical approval was required as the data were secondary and anonymised; however, the authors confirm their adherence to the ethical standards for secondary data use.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that data transformation has been performed in this study by narrowing the categorical structure of the data provided by the European Social Survey to enhance interpretability and facilitate analysis, without distorting the true meaning.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.