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Article History

Received: 10 March 2025

Accepted: 22 July 2025

First Online: 21 August 2025

Declarations

:

: All authors confirm that we obtained approval from the Ethics Committee for Research in The Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta on 16/3/2024 with approval number 0000–0001; the need for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee because the research was conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and the waiver was suitable given the nature of the data and the research methods employed. This approach is common in studies where obtaining individual informed consent is impractical or unnecessary, especially when the research involves analyzing aggregated data or publicly accessible information, thereby minimizing potential risks to participant confidentiality and privacy, which is accredited by Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta; it is a research article performed according to relevant guidelines and regulations.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that no other persons have satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that all of us have approved the order of authors listed in the manuscript.

: Not applicable.