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Article History

Received: 1 May 2025

Accepted: 29 October 2025

First Online: 8 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethics are the moral principles that direct the actions of an individual or a group of people. To commence the research activities, the authors have received ethical letters from Arba Minch University College of Business and Economics. From the beginning up to the end of our work, the author of this manuscript has strived for academic honesty and overcame the tendency to discount data that did not match our requirements. We respected the activities, norms, and morals of all the research units as well as others. In addition, potential conflicts of interest, plagiarism, proper authorship credit, and ethical study data management and disclosure were all considered by the authors of this manuscript. The research participants were duly informed about the objectives and advantages of the study, and their consent was obtained voluntarily. Generally, participants in the study were treated equally regardless of their gender, age or race, and did not incur any unwarranted risks. Participants were provided with all necessary information to make their own decision on whether or not to participate in the study. So, the authors believed that the ethical principles that we followed in this manuscript guaranteed that the rights and welfare of individuals were protected.

: If my article is accepted, the APC for my article may be covered by one of Springer Nature’s fully open access agreements, because I am from a poor developing country.

: A verbal agreement was acquired from participants voluntarily and openly before the data collection procedures of this study. The author explained to the participants that the collected data were merely utilised for academic reasons and that no fees were offered to the research subjects (participants). The authors also explained verbally to the study participants how participant anonymity was safeguarded, how data collection was done, the ability to request questions, the freedom to revoke consent at any time, the lack of penalty for doing so and the research benefits.

: The authors declare no competing interests.