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Article History

Received: 2 September 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 30 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Nobel Indonesia. All procedures complied with the 2013 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki and national ethical guidelines for research involving human participants. All participants were informed about the aims and procedures of the study, and written informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and respondents retained the right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

: All participants provided consent for the publication of anonymised and aggregated data derived from their responses. No identifiable personal information is included in the manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.