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Authors
Bajuta, Elibariki Simon
Hariohay, Kwaslema Malle https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-6985
Kideghesho, Jafari R.
Arukwe, Augustine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2134-4799
Røskaft, Eivin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-8443
Ranke, Peter Sjolte https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3757-8626
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology
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Article History
Received: 12 May 2025
Accepted: 1 January 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: All necessary research permissions were obtained from the relevant authorities, including clearance from the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) and from village governments of the surveyed villages. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles and guidelines of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ensuring that no vulnerable individuals or communities were exposed to any form of risk or coercion. This study involved a household knowledge survey that did not collect personal identifiers (Health data, medical records, biological samples), sensitive information (Health and medical information), or introduce any interventions that would classify respondents as human research participants under institutional or national research ethics regulations. Therefore, formal ethics approval was not required.
: Participants were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. Consent was obtained from all participants for the use of anonymized data and for publication of the research findings.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
