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Article History

Received: 20 June 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human or animal experimentation that requires formal ethical approval. All data analyzed in this research were obtained from publicly available sources, including verified fact-checking databases, official reports, and open-access social media datasets. The study adhered to established ethical standards for academic research and responsible use of digital data.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.