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Article History

Received: 16 August 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 1 February 2026

Change Date: 16 February 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised to distinguish quotes from normal text.

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Review Board at Rochester Institute of Technology approved the main protocol (i.e., using group chats) and its amendment (i.e., interviewing select group members) in May 2022 and November 2023, respectively. The approval number was FWA# 00000731. Consistent with the approved research protocol and the U.S. Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (i.e., “Common Rule”), WeChat group chats were considered “secondary research data,” and the use of such data was exempt from obtaining informed consent. Group members who were interviewed were provided with informed consent and agreed to participate. All original group chats and responses were confidential, and de-identified chats were used in the article.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.