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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in full accordance with the ethical standards and adherence to the principles of ethical conduct in research involving human subjects. The study was conducted under the guidelines provided by the local Ethics Committee of Dilla University, College of Social Sciences and Humanities (07/02/2024/CSSH) and followed the applicable laws and regulations governing human subjects’ research in Ethiopia. Before data collection, participants were provided with an institutionally approved informed consent document. The research team selected eligible participants based on pre-established inclusion criteria. Following eligibility confirmation, participants received a detailed briefing on the study’s objective and were asked to provide their consent. To uphold data reliability and validity, researchers communicated the study’s purpose, ensured confidentiality, and reinforced participants’ right to withdraw at any time. For literate participants, written informed consent was obtained. In cases where participants were identified as illiterate, the consent form was translated into their native language and verbally presented, after which verbal consent was obtained due to their inability to read or write. Upon full comprehension of the consent document, all participants formally acknowledged their agreement, either through written signature or recorded verbal confirmation, as appropriate.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.