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Article History

Received: 18 October 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 6 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of International Relations, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, and Department of Political and Administrative Studies, National University of Lesotho, in accordance with the Federal University of Kashere and National University of Lesotho relevant guidelines and regulations.

: All the authors hereby grant consent to the journal solely to publish if the paper is accepted.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study as approved by the ethics committee of the Department of Political and Administrative Studies of National University of Lesotho and Department of Public Administration, Yobe State University Damaturu.

: The authors declare no competing interests.