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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 1 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants, patent data, or any form of primary data collection. The study relied strictly on open-access secondary datasets that are publicly available and contain no identifiable personal information. According to prevailing institutional and international guidelines, the use of publicly accessible secondary data does not require formal ethical approval. Nonetheless, the authors adhered to all ethical principles governing the responsible use, citation, and reporting of secondary data in research. This study did not involve direct interaction with human participants, but was exclusively on open-access secondary data available in the public domain. As such, no individual-level consent to participate was required.

: All five authors have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and unanimously consent to its publication. The authors affirm that the manuscript is original, has not been submitted elsewhere, and does not contain any material previously published without proper citation. Each author accepts responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the content and agrees to its submission for peer review and publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.