Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia (JEPeM-USM; reference number USM/JEPeM/PP/25020239) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Human Research Ethics Committee’s guidelines and regulations on research involving human participants.Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all individual participants included in the research after they had been fully informed about the study aims, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality safeguards, and their right to withdraw at any time without negative consequences. As all participants were adults aged 18 years or older, parental or guardian consent was not required.

: Written informed consent for publication of anonymised quotations and aggregated data was obtained from all participants. No identifying personal information is disclosed in this article, and all excerpts are presented using pseudonyms.

: The authors declare no competing interests.