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Article History

Received: 11 January 2026

Accepted: 6 April 2026

First Online: 18 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards applicable to social science research. The ethical review board of the School of Management and Public Administration at the University of Gondar, with approval number (SMPA/28/18/23). As the research did not involve any vulnerable populations or sensitive personal data, formal approval by an ethics committee was not required under national regulations. Nonetheless, all procedures respected ethical principles, including voluntary participation, informed consent, and the protection of participants’ anonymity and data confidentiality. Prior to each interview, participants were informed about the objectives of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, and their right to withdraw at any time. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. The interviewees requested that their names not be mentioned in any report. To ensure participant anonymity in the presentation of results and related documentation, we committed to maintaining confidentiality regardless of the nature of the report. Returnee migrant entrepreneurs were included based on their willingness to participate, and verbal consent was obtained in accordance with ethical guidelines.

: Participants were informed that the findings of the study would be published in a scientific journal, and all provided their consent for anonymized data to be used for publication purposes. By providing informed consent, all participants agreed to the use and publication of anonymized data for academic purposes. No identifying information has been disclosed in the manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.