Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 12 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of An-Najah National University and was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR). Given the public nature of the online appeals, individual informed consent was not sought. However, explicit permission was obtained from group administrators to collect data from semi-public forums, and all identifying information was anonymized to protect participant privacy.

: Not applicable. No identifying information is reported, and all excerpts have been anonymized to prevent participant identification.

: The authors declare no competing interests.