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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 4 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study draws on secondary data from the Uganda National Panel Survey (UNPS) conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), as well as qualitative primary data collected using an instrument adapted from the UNPS survey tools. Ethical approval for the original UNPS data collection was obtained by UBOS in accordance with national ethical guidelines. For the qualitative component, the adapted instrument did not introduce sensitive or invasive questions beyond those covered in the UNPS, and the data were collected in line with standard ethical research practices. The study involved no clinical interventions, and all data were handled in anonymized form. For the UNPS data, informed consent was obtained from all respondents by UBOS at the time of the original survey. For the qualitative primary data, informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation, participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed of the purpose of the study and their right to withdraw at any time.

: Not applicable. Both the secondary UNPS data and the qualitative primary data are anonymized, and no personally identifiable information is reported in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.