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Authors
Maichal, Maichal
Yudha, I Made Endra Kartika
Firman, Afrizal
Putra, Gde Bagus Brahma
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia (130/C3/DT.05.00/PL/2025)
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Article History
Received: 4 January 2026
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Komite Etik Penelitian/KEP) of Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar under approval number 03.0130/KEP-Unmas/I/2026. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional research ethics guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Data collection was conducted solely for academic research purposes. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were free to decline or withdraw at any time without any consequences. No personal identifiers were collected, and all data were treated confidentially.
: Not applicable, as the study uses anonymous data and does not include any individually identifiable information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
