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Authors
Aden, Abdikani Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0529-7722
Muhumed, Abdirahim Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7968-9989
Duale, Abdisalam Yusuf https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8017-4547
Ali, Abdulkadir Abdi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4317-531X
Muse, Abdisalam Hassan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-0044
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Article History
Received: 24 January 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 29 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilizes anonymized secondary data from the 2022 Somalia Integrated Household Budget Survey (SIHBS), which was reviewed and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Somalia National Bureau of Statistics (SNBS) in strict accordance with the Somali Statistics Law (Law No. 24 of 2020) and the Declaration of Helsinki. For this specific analysis, the research protocol was reviewed by Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Amoud University, which granted a waiver of formal institutional review board approval because the study involved only the analysis of a de-identified and strictly confidential national dataset. The research was carried out following the ethical guidelines and regulations established by the aforementioned committees to ensure the confidentiality and protection of human data throughout the analytical process.
: Because the dataset involves children under 16, freely-given, informed consent to participate in the original SIHBS 2022 study was obtained from the participants’ parents or legal guardians by the Somalia National Bureau of Statistics prior to data collection.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
