Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 January 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is based exclusively on secondary, anonymised data obtained from the Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS). The data are collected and made publicly available by UNICEF following established ethical protocols. As no primary data collection was undertaken and no identifiable information was used, formal ethical approval was not required for this study. The study uses fully anonymised secondary data. Informed consent was obtained by UNICEF from survey participants during the original data collection process.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual-level identifiable data, images, or personal information.

: The authors declare no competing interests.