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Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 8 July 2026

First Online: 15 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study relied exclusively on secondary data and did not involve human participants, animal subjects, clinical interventions, or the use of identifiable personal data. Therefore, ethical approval was not required from an IRB in accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements. As the study did not involve direct interaction with human participants, informed consent was not applicable. This exemption aligns with standard academic and ethical guidelines for research based on publicly available and secondary sources. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Consent for publication: All authors have given their consent for publication of this manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.