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Article History

Received: 9 April 2026

Accepted: 14 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and conent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Postgraduate Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The approval was granted on April 20, 2024, under Approval Number #002345. The research was conducted in accordance with the university’s ethical standards and research guidelines. All research procedures complied with applicable ethical principles concerning human participants. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were informed about the objectives of the study, the research procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality of information, and their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any consequences. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary. Verbal consent was used to accommodate participants’ preferences and cultural considerations while ensuring that ethical standards were fully maintained. Informed consent was obtained from the participants on [20/07/2025] before data collection commenced. The participants were well informed about the aim of the investigation, the privacy of the information, the right to volunteer, and the right to withdraw from sharing information at any time during data collection. Informed consent was obtained verbally to ensure clarity and understanding, while respecting participants’ privacy and cultural sensitivities. Verbal consent allows researchers to communicate the purpose, procedures, risks, and participants’ rights directly and interactively, which can be particularly effective in contexts where formal written agreements might be culturally intrusive or hinder participation. Additionally, verbal consent provides flexibility and immediacy, making it easier to confirm participants’ voluntary participation without the formalities of written documentation, thus facilitating smoother data collection while still adhering to ethical standards.

Consent for publication: The data materials included in this manuscript have been fully anonymized to prevent the identification of individual participants. In accordance with the approval granted by the Postgraduate Research Ethics Committee, publication of anonymized research materials was permitted because no personally identifiable information is disclosed. All reasonable measures were taken to protect participant confidentiality and privacy throughout the preparation of this manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.