Lin, Yiping
Yan, Ruidong
Jiang, Rui
Zheng, Shiteng
Zhao, Hongrui
Funding for this research was provided by:
State Key Lab of Intelligent Transportation System (2025-A001)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (W2411064)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72401022)
China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX20240033)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (9242013)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (G2024210009)
Article History
Received: 10 July 2025
Revised: 14 September 2025
Accepted: 19 October 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.