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Article History

Received: 7 December 2025

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved a low-risk questionnaire survey conducted as part of an academic undergraduate research project in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. This study was approved by the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The department does not maintain a formal Institutional Review Board (IRB) or ethics committee for non-clinical social research; accordingly, departmental approval serves as the institutional authorization for this study. Participation was voluntary, informed consent was obtained from all participants, and all responses were anonymized. Remote sensing and GIS-based analyses did not require ethical approval. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the questionnaire survey. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality of responses, and their right to withdraw at any stage without consequence.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data, images, or personal information.

: The authors declare no competing interests.