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Authors
Botleng, Joycinette Vosumbe https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7819-0556
Drova, Eseta https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2758-6899
Kotra, Krishna Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2140-7163
Sokach, Ada Hildegard Madleah
Feremaito, Hudson
Ham, Jayven
Kalmer, Robsen
Kaku, Rocky
Molitaviti, June Brian https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7817-3955
Varea, Rufino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3002-6944
Brown, Kelly Thomas
Ford, Amanda Kirsty https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-048X
Dehm, Jasha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9325-2826
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (CRRP2022-05MY-Ford)
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2025
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethical screening approval from the University of the South Pacific's School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Oceans and Natural Sciences. The research did not involve human participants, and no animals were sacrificed specifically for this study. Gastrointestinal tracts were collected from fish already harvested by fishers participating in the Vanuatu Fisheries Department 2024 Creel Surveys. Additional research permits were obtained from the Vanuatu Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation. Clinical trial registration was not applicable to this study. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
