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Article History

Received: 7 October 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Faculty of Natural Sciences Bioethics Committee (CBFCN) at Lúrio University (Application ID: 18/FCN/CB/2025, approved on 26 July 2024, expiry date: 25 July 2025). The study protocol underwent full board review and was deemed acceptable on scientific and ethical grounds.

: All data were collected, stored, and processed in compliance with applicable data protection regulations and the approved ethics protocol. Participant identities were anonymized, and raw data are stored securely with access limited to the research team members listed in the approved application.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study before data collection. All participants were informed about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. The participant information and consent forms were reviewed and approved by the Faculty of Natural Sciences Bioethics Committee (CBFCN) on 26 July 2024. The consent process was conducted in the participants' native language (Emakua) with the assistance of trained local translators to ensure full comprehension. Participants were assured of confidentiality and anonymity in data handling and reporting.

: The authors declare no competing interests.