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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 22 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study, which involved data collection through a questionnaire, was reviewed and approved by the Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute Research Ethics Committee (BORI-REC) (Approval No. BORI-REC-2024-001). During all stages of data collection, informed consent was carefully operationalized to ensure participants’ understanding and voluntary participation. Before conducting household surveys and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), the research team explained the study’s objectives, the nature of the questions, and the participants’ rights, including the right to decline or withdraw at any time without penalty. Both verbal and written consent were sought, depending on participant literacy levels. To safeguard confidentiality, all personal identifiers were removed, and sensitive information-such as migration histories, household income, and personal experiences of displacement anonymized during transcription and data entry. The data were stored securely, accessible only to the research team, and used exclusively for academic analysis. These procedures ensured adherence to established ethical standards for social science research in vulnerable communities. The research was conducted in full compliance with the ethical standards outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, ensuring the protection of participants' rights and welfare. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation, ensuring their voluntary involvement.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.