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Authors
Abdul Wahhab, Hamad I. Al
Balbahaith, Farag Ali Salem
Rafiq, Waqas
Babalghaith, Ali Mohammed
Abdulrahman, Suleiman
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Article History
Received: 18 May 2025
Accepted: 9 October 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: This paper does not involve any research on human participants or animals. Ethical approval was therefore not required.
: The authors thoroughly reviewed the manuscript before submission and provided their consent for its publication in Discover Civil Engineering.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable, as this study did not involve human participants. All data generated or analyzed during this study is included in this published article.
