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Article History

Received: 26 July 2025

Accepted: 31 October 2025

First Online: 9 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This research involved a voluntary and anonymous survey of vehicle operators in Kuwait to evaluate crash risks and riding behaviors. All participants were fully informed about the study’s objectives, the anonymous nature of participation, and how their data would be securely stored and used solely for academic purposes. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained prior to completing the survey.In accordance with institutional guidelines and national regulations in Kuwait, ethical approval was not required for this type of minimal-risk, anonymized survey research. Nonetheless, the study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report and applicable data protection standards.

: Obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.