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Article History

Received: 23 June 2025

Accepted: 19 December 2025

First Online: 13 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved a structured questionnaire survey administered to daily commuters and non-commuters within Bhopal city, including faculty, staff, and students of Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the internal academic committee of the Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal. The study did not involve any clinical procedures, physical intervention, or collection of sensitive personal data. All data were anonymized and securely stored to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of participants. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the academic institution and the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to administering the questionnaire. All participants were informed about the academic purpose of the research, and their participation was entirely voluntary. Participants were briefed on the purpose of the study, their right to withdraw at any time, and assurance of anonymity and confidentiality.

: No personal or identifying information has been published in the manuscript. Participants were informed that aggregated and anonymized data may be used for academic publication purposes. All data presented in this study are anonymized and cannot be traced back to individual participants.

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.