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Article History

Received: 14 October 2025

Accepted: 16 January 2026

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Lahore, Pakistan, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments, as well as the institutional guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and informed consent was obtained prior to their participation. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were assured of confidentiality and anonymity. No personally identifiable information was collected, and all data were used solely for academic and research purposes.

: All participants provided informed consent for publication of the data collected in this study. No identifiable personal information was disclosed in the manuscript. In cases where any potentially identifiable information could appear, consent to publish was explicitly obtained from the participant. No participants under the age of 18 were involved in this research; therefore, no parental or guardian consent was required.

: All participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, and informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the data collection process. No personally identifiable information was recorded, and all responses were used exclusively for research purposes in accordance with ethical research standards.

: The authors declare no competing interests.