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Article History

Received: 31 August 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study does not involve any human participants, animals, or personal data; therefore, ethical approval was not required. All experimental procedures and computational analyses were conducted in compliance with academic research integrity and ethical standards.

: Not applicable. The research did not include participants or surveys requiring informed consent. All data used were from published sources and secondary datasets.

: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its submission and publication in the journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.