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Article History

Received: 7 July 2025

Accepted: 10 December 2025

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This research does not involve any humans or living beings and does not harm the environment, either directly or indirectly. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: We hereby give our consent for [Springer Nature] to publish the work entitled “Fast and Accurate Identification of Hardware Trojan Locations in Gate-Level Netlist using Nearest Neighbour Approach integrated with Machine Learning Technique” in Discover Electronics or on their official platforms. We confirm that we are the rightful owner of the work and hold all necessary rights to grant this permission. We affirm that, reported work is original and not in consideration elsewhere.

: The authors declare no competing interests.