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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or sensitive biological materials. All procedures conducted in this research were limited to environmental monitoring using electronic sensors in standard indoor spaces. Therefore, ethical approval was not required according to the institutional and national research guidelines. No human participants were directly involved in the study, and no personal or identifiable information was collected. As such, consent to participate is not applicable.

: The authors affirm that the manuscript contains no individual or identifiable personal data. All authors have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and freely give their consent for publication.

: The authors declare they have no financial interests.

: The authors declare no competing interests.