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Authors
Wang, Yucheng https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1859-8979
Kerns, David L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2992-4851
Head, Graham P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0521-0616
Kerns, Dawson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8144-9023
Tabashnik, Bruce E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2430-2367
Yang, Fei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-4575
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2020-33522-32318)
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Article History
Received: 11 January 2026
Revised: 6 March 2026
Accepted: 21 March 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: One of the authors (G.P.H.) is employed by Bayer, which sells seeds for Bt crops. BASF, Bayer, Corteva, Cotton Incorporated, and Syngenta. The Agricultural Biotechnology Stewardship Technical Committee (representing a consortium of agricultural biotechnology companies) did not provide funding to support this work but have funded other work by some of the authors. B.E.T. is coauthor of a patent on engineering Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins to counter resistance (US10704059).
