Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (22BGL200)
Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Revised: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 16 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable. This study is based on theoretical modeling and secondary data analysis of maritime pollutant emissions; it does not involve human participants or animal experiments.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.